Interpretation of and lessons from the guidelines on infection prevention and control of old-age institutions in the context of COVID-19 pandemic / 上海预防医学

This paper interprets the content and recommendations of the guidelines on infection prevention and control in long-term care facilities put forward by the World Health Organization （WHO） during the 2019 coronavirus disease （COVID-19） pandemic， and actively explores the key points of nursing and infection prevention and control measures for the long-term care facilities under the background of repeated outbreaks， with the aim of providing care measures and infection prevention and control measures that suit our national conditions to improve the living standards of the elderly and protect them from viral infection amid the recurring pandemic.

Vacinação contra covid-19 em pessoas idosas: informações veiculadas pela mídia jornalística / Vaccination against covid-19 in older people: information provided by the news media

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o conteúdo midiático produzido acerca da vacinação contra a covid-19 direcionada à pessoa idosa no Brasil. Método Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental a partir da análise de 19 matérias veiculadas pelos jornais Estadão, Folha de S. Paulo, O Globo e GAÚCHAZH, publicadas entre dezembro de 2020 e setembro de 2021. Os dados foram submetidos ao Resultados O corpus originou cinco classes temáticas. Nestas, verifica-se a difusão das informações sobre a vacinação contra a covid-19 para idosos como uma medida necessária à saúde dessa população, o que justifica a intensa veiculação de notícias acerca da campanha vacinal. As matérias evidenciaram a organização das políticas de imunização, bem como os benefícios da mesma para o referido público, sobretudo àqueles que se encontravam institucionalizados. Além disso, a vacina emergiu como protagonista na luta para conter a disseminação do coronavírus, aumentando a proteção dos residentes das instituições de longa permanência para idosos e, inegavelmente, diminuindo a mortalidade dos mais velhos. Conclusão Os achados salientam a indispensabilidade de fomentar políticas para promoção da saúde pelos meios de comunicação mais diversos, permitindo o acesso a informações em saúde por todos os públicos e reforçando a urgência de práticas coletivas de cuidado ofertadas às pessoas idosas, incluindo àquelas residentes em instituições.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the media content produced about vaccination against covid-19 aimed at the older population in Brazil. Method A desk research study based on the analysis of 19 articles published by the newspapers Estadão, Folha de S. Paulo, O Globo and GAÚCHAZH between December 2020 and September 2021. The data were processed by the Iramuteq software, analyzed using Descending Hierarchical Classification (DHC) and interpreted by Content Analysis. Results The corpus yielded five thematic classes. These classes revealed the dissemination of information about vaccination against covid-19 for older people as a necessary measure for the health of this population, justifying the intense reporting of news on the vaccination campaign. The articles highlighted the organization of immunization policies, as well as their benefits for the older population, especially institutionalized individuals. In addition, the vaccine emerged as a key element in the fight to contain the spread of the coronavirus, increasing the protection of older residents of long-term care facilities and, undeniably, reducing the mortality of this population. Conclusion The findings highlight the importance of disseminating health promotion policies across a wide variety of communication channels, allowing access to health information by all audiences and reinforcing the urgency of collective care practices offered to older people, including those residing in institutions.

Cuidados de enfermagem em instituição de longa permanência para pessoas idosas no contexto da covid-19: revisão de escopo / Nursing care in a long-term care facility for older people in the context of COVID-19: scoping review

Resumo Objetivo Identificar as evidências científicas sobre os cuidados de enfermagem à pessoa idosa em instituição de longa permanência no contexto da pandemia covid-19. Método Trata-se de revisão de escopo baseada nas orientações do Manual para Revisões do Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). A formulação da questão ocorreu a partir do acrônimo PCC, em que o "P" correspondeu a "pessoa idosa", o "C" a "cuidados de enfermagem" e o "C" a "covid-19". A busca das evidências cientificas foi realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE®, CINAHL® e Web of ScienceTM. Foram analisados artigos recuperados ao se empregar os descritores controlados e não controlados, e aqueles provenientes da literatura cinzenta, sites e repositórios. A análise deu-se por estatística descritiva e crítica dos estudos. Resultados A amostra final do estudo foi composta por 14 evidências cientificas. Verificou-se que a maioria das produções pertenciam a modalidade relatório técnico (35,7%) publicadas no Brasil (64,28%). Os cuidados de enfermagem foram organizados em: intervenções gerenciais; intervenções educacionais; intervenções assistenciais em especial aquelas voltadas à prevenção e controle da disseminação do SARS-CoV-2, residentes com quadro suspeito ou confirmado de covid-19 e ao corpo em caso de óbito; intervenções voltadas a facilitar a comunicação entre os residentes e seus familiares/amigos e entre esses e o enfermeiro; além de intervenções de apoio emocional aos profissionais/cuidadores e aos residentes. Conclusão Diante da pandemia covid-19, os cuidados de enfermagem são imprescindíveis para prevenir e controlar a disseminação do SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract Objective To Identify the scientific evidence on nursing care for older people in a long-term care facility in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method This scoping review was based on the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers' Manual guidelines. The question was formulated from the acronym PCC, in which "P" corresponded to "older people, "C" to "nursing care" and "C" to "COVID-19". The search for scientific evidence was carried out on the LILACS, MEDLINE®, CINAHL® and Web of ScienceTM databases. Articles retrieved using controlled and uncontrolled descriptors, and those from gray literature, websites and repositories were analysed. Descriptive and critical analysis of statistics from the studies was performed. Results The final study sample consisted of 14 scientific publications. Most of the output constituted technical reports (35.7%) published in Brazil (64.28%). Nursing care was categorized under: managerial interventions; educational interventions; care interventions, especially those forts preventing and controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2, residents with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, and handling the corpse in the event of death; interventions facilitating communication between residents and their family/friends and between this group and the nurse; in addition to emotional support interventions for professionals/caregivers and residents. Conclusion Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, nursing care is essential to prevent and control the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

Functionality and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in institutionalized older adults / Funcionalidade e níveis de 25-hidroxivitamina D em idosos institucionalizados

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the frequency of hypovitaminosis D among older adults and its association with the level of functionality. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study of older adults residing in a non-profit long-term care facility assessed functionality with the Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living. Vitamin D levels were classified as: deficient (< 20 ng/mL), insufficient (21-29 ng/mL), or normal (≥ 30 ng/mL). We used the chi-square test and Student's t-test to compare dichotomous and continuous variables, respectively. Analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test was used to assess differences between groups. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 63 individuals whose mean age was 81 (61-113) years: 36 (55.4%) women and 27 (44.6%) men. The mean vitamin D level was 18.6 ng/mL, being < 30 ng/mL in 84.1%. The level was normal in 10 (15.9%), insufficient in 17 (27%), and deficient in 36 (57.1%). Vitamin D deficiency was present in 76.5% of those with total functional dependence (Katz = 5-6). CONCLUSIONS: We observed a high frequency of hypovitaminosis D, especially vitamin D deficiency, which was very common among those with significant functional dependence.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a frequência de hipovitaminose D em idosos de uma instituição filantrópica de longa permanência e sua associação com grau de funcionalidade. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal, observacional e analítico de idosos de uma instituição filantrópica de longa permanência. A funcionalidade foi avaliada pela Escala de Katz. Os níveis de vitamina D foram classificados em: deficiência (valores menores que 20 ng/mL); insuficiência (valores entre 21 - 29 ng/mL) e normais (valores igual ou superior a 30 ng/mL). Empregamos teste qui-quadrado e t de student, para compararmos variáveis dicotômicas e contínuas, respectivamente; e análise de variância (ANOVA) com teste post hoc de Tukey, para avaliarmos as diferenças entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: Sessenta e três indivíduos foram analisados com média de idade de 81 anos (61 - 113), sendo 36 (55,4%) mulheres e 27 (44,6%) homens. A média de vitamina D foi 18,6 ng/mL, 84,1% com níveis menores que 30 ng/mL; dez apresentaram níveis normais (15,9%), 17 com insuficiência (27%) e 36 com deficiência (57,1%); ainda, 76,5% dos portadores de dependência funcional total (Katz = 5 - 6) apresentam deficiência de vitamina D. CONCLUSÕES: Observamos uma alta frequência de hipovitaminose D, especialmente deficiência, muito frequentes naqueles com dependência funcional importante

Investigation of COVID-19 vaccination among elderly adults in long-term care facilities and analysis of influencing factors / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To understand the status of COVID-19 vaccination among elderly adults in long-term care facilities and analyze the influencing factors so as to provide scientific basis for improving the policy of COVID-19 vaccination. 【Methods】 The socio-demographic characteristics, disease-related data, disability, and COVID-19 vaccination status of 575 elderly adults who resided in long-term care facilities in Shaanxi Province were collected via Sojumpin in January 2022. Factors that affected non-vaccinated elderly adults were analyzed by using the SPSS 25.0 software. 【Results】 Of the included 575 participants, 199 (34.6%) were not vaccinated against COVID-19. Univariate analysis showed that COVID-19 vaccination was associated with age, room type, length of stay, marital status, number of children, chronic diseases (i.e., diabetes, stroke, dementia), disability degree, and long-term medication use. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that age of 90 years or above (OR=4.25), triple room (OR=6.17), moderate disability (OR=2.94), severe disability (OR=6.67), long-term medication use (OR=1.81), and stroke (OR=1.74) were independent risk factors for not injecting COVID-19 vaccine. 【Conclusion】 The COVID-19 vaccination coverage rate of elderly adults in long-term care facilities needs to be improved, and more attention should be paid to the high-risk groups (e.g., who are older, and have disability, long-term medication use, or stroke).

Adaptação transcultural do Team Member Perspectives of Person-centered Care (TM-PCC) em pessoas idosas institucionalizadas / Cross-cultural adaptation of the Team Member Perspectives of Person-Centered Care (TM-PCC) in institutionalized older adults

Resumo Objetivo Realizar a tradução, retrotraduação para o português falado no Brasil e a adaptação transcultural do instrumento Team Member Perspectives of Person-Centered Care (TM-PCC) e ainda, a sua validade de constructo. O objetivo do TM-PCC é avaliar a frequência de comportamentos e de práticas de cuidados centrados no indivíduo segundo os profissionais que atuam nas Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPIs). Método Foram seguidos o processo de tradução, retrotraduação e adaptação transcultural por meio da equivalência semântica, idiomática, experiencial e conceitual realizado por cinco juízes especialistas da área de Geriatria e da Gerontologia e, por fim, aplicou-se o instrumento piloto em 49 profissionais de quatro ILPIs de três estados brasileiros. Resultados Após a avaliação realizada pelos juízes especialistas, obteve-se discordância quanto aos termos "previous associations", "fufilling relationships" e "incorporate this caring into my daily routine", os quais foram substituídos por "histórias pregressas", "relações satisfatórias", e "incorporar esse cuidado na minha rotina diária". Após as correções e revisões, o questionário foi reenviado aos juízes, obtendo-se 100% de concordância. Observou-se boa compreensão das questões durante a aplicação piloto e boa consistência interna por meio do alfa de Cronbach= 0,78. Conclusão O TM-PCC pode ser ferramenta útil para avaliação dos cuidados centrados ao indivíduo em ILPIs, no Brasil, segundo a avaliação de profissionais. Isso possibilitará ao gestor ou profissional supervisor de cuidados, planejar e desenvolver intervenções educacionais e de gestão voltadas a promoção dos cuidados centrados ao indivíduo nas ILPI.

Abstract Objective carry out the translation and back-translation into Brazilian Portuguese, and the cross-cultural adaptation of the instrument called Team Member Perspectives of Person-Centered Care (TM-PCC), as well as its construct validity. The objective of the TM-PCC is to assess the frequency of behaviors and care practices centered on the individual according to professionals who work in Long-Term Care Facilities for Older Adults (ILPIs). Method The process of translation, back-translation, and cross-cultural adaptation was followed through semantic, idiomatic, experiential, and conceptual equivalence carried out by five expert judges in the field of Geriatrics and Gerontology, with the pilot instrument being administered to 49 professionals from four ILPIs in three Brazilian states Results After the assessment was conducted by the expert judges, disagreement was found regarding the terms "previous associations," "fulfilling relationships," and "incorporate this caring into my daily routine," which were replaced by"histórias pregressas" (past stories), "relações satisfatórias" (satisfactory relationships), and "incorporar esse cuidado na minha rotina diária" (incorporate this care into my daily routine). After these corrections and revisions, the questionnaire was sent back to the judges, who were in total agreement. Good understanding of the questions was observed during the pilot application and good internal consistency through Cronbach's alpha (0.78 Conclusion The TM-PCC can be a useful tool for assessing individual-centered care in ILPIs in Brazil, according to the assessment of professionals. This will enable patient care managers or supervisors to plan and develop educational and management interventions aimed at promoting individual-centered care in ILPIs.

Contenção ambiental de idosos nas instituições de longa permanência em tempos de Covid-19: reflexão teórica / Contención ambiental de ancianos en las instituciones de larga permanencia en tiempos de Covid-19: reflexión teórica / Environmental restraint of the elderly in long-term care facilities in times of Covid-19: theoretical reflection

Estudo teórico de cunho reflexivo que aborda o fenômeno da contenção ambiental em instituições de longa permanência para idosos, apresentando o tema à luz dos direitos humanos e da legislação em vigor, que pregam boas práticas de cuidado aos idosos institucionalizados, inclusive frente ao cenário de enfrentamento à Covid-19. Considerando os impactos negativos da contenção ambiental na saúde física e mental dos idosos, sugere-se maior capacitação da equipe técnica das instituições de longa permanência para idosos e prospecção do fenômeno para garantia de condições mais dignas e que respeitem a liberdade dos idosos. (AU)

Estudio teórico de cuño reflexivo que aborda el fenómeno de la contención ambiental en instituciones de larga permanencia para ancianos, presentando el tema a la luz de los derechos humanos y de la legislación en vigor que proponen buenas prácticas de cuidado para los ancianos institucionalizados, incluso ante el escenario del enfrentamiento a la Covid-19. Considerando los impactos negativos de la contención ambiental en la salud física y mental de los ancianos, se sugiere mayor capacitación del equipo técnico de las instituciones de larga permanencia para ancianos y prospección del fenómeno para garantía de condiciones más dignas y que respeten la libertad de los ancianos. (AU)

A theoretical and reflexive study addressing the phenomenon of environmental restraint in long-term care facilities for the elderly, presenting the topic under the light of human rights and the legislation in force, which postulate good care practices to institutionalized elderly even in the face of the Covid-19 situation. By considering the negative impacts of environmental restraint on the physical and mental health of the elderly, it is suggested that the technical team of long-term care institutions for the elderly should be better trained, and that the phenomenon needs to be explored to guarantee more dignified conditions that respect the freedom of the elderly. (AU)

Impacto do exercício físico no comportamento de idosas com alzheimer / Impact of physical exercise on behavior of elderly women bearing alzheimer's disease / Impacto del ejercicio físico en el comportamiento de mujeres mayores con alzheimer

Objetivo: Comparar o impacto do exercício físico no comportamento de idosas com Alzheimer em uma Instituição de longa permanecia para idosos. Método: Ensaio clínico não randomizado, com nove idosas com Doença de Alzheimer, residentes em uma instituição de longa permanência. Que foram submetidas diariamente, por quatro semanas, à aplicação de dois questionários, um para estabelecer o perfil individual de cada moradora, e outro para análise dos comportamentos característicos da doença. Resultados: Observa-se que nove dentre os medicamentos consumidos possuíam características para modulação comportamental (55,56% Quetiapina; 22,22% Depakote e/ou Exelon Patch; 11,11% de Donaren, Donepezila, Donila Duo, Escitalopran, Exodus e/ou Sertralina); após quatro semanas, 44,44% (n=4) das moradoras apresentaram diminuição das alterações comportamentais, para os períodos com exercício físico (p<0,05); as médias de alterações comportamentais da amostra total, foram de 0,76±0,38 e 1,60±0,70 para os períodos com e sem exercício físico, respectivamente (p<0,05); e comportamentos como "agressividade direcionada a equipe", "irritabilidade" e "outras alterações", apresentaram Δ de variação de 0,80; 2,04; e 1,21; respectivamente (p<0,05). Conclusão: A inclusão de exercícios físicos de maneira regular, em uma Instituição de longa permanecia para idosos, é capaz de reduzir alterações comportamentais à curto prazo em idosas com Doença de Alzheimer institucionalizadas. (AU)

Objective: Comparison of the impact of physical exercise on the behavior of elderly women with Alzheimer's in a long-stay institution for the elderly. Methods: Non-randomized clinical trial, with nine elderly women with Alzheimer's Disease, residing in a long-term institution. They were submitted daily, for four weeks, to the application of two questionnaires, one to establish the individual profile of each resident, and the other to analyze the characteristic characteristics of the disease. Results: It is observed that nine among the drugs consumed had characteristics for behavioral modulation (55.56% Quetiapine; 22.22% Depakote and/or Exelon Patch; 11.11% of Donaren, Donepezila, Donila Duo, Escitalopran, Exodus and / or Sertraline); after four weeks, 44.44% (n = 4) of residents reduced behavioral changes for periods with physical exercise (p < 0.05); as means of behavioral changes in the total sample, they were 0.76 ± 0.38 and 1.60 ± 0.70 for the periods with and without physical exercise, respectively (p < 0.05); and behavior such as "aggressiveness directed at the team", "irritability" and "other changes", similar to a variation of 0.80; 2.04; and 1.21; respectively (p<0.05). Conclusion: The inclusion of physical exercise on a regular basis, in a long-stay institution for the elderly, is capable of reducing short-term behavioral changes in institutionalized elderly women with Alzheimer's Disease. (AU)

Objetivo: Comparación del impacto del ejercicio físico en el comportamiento de mujeres mayores con Alzheimer en una institución de larga estancia para ancianos. Métodos: Ensayo clínico no aleatorizado, con nueve ancianas con enfermedad de Alzheimer, residentes en una institución de larga duración. Fueron sometidos diariamente, durante cuatro semanas, a la aplicación de dos cuestionarios, uno para establecer el perfil individual de cada residente y otro para analizar las características características de la enfermedad. Resultados: Se observa que nueve de los fármacos consumidos tenían características de modulación conductual (55,56% Quetiapina; 22,22% Depakote y / o Exelon Patch; 11,11% de Donaren, Donepezila, Donila Duo, Escitalopran, Exodus y / o Sertralina); después de cuatro semanas, el 44,44% (n = 4) de los residentes redujeron los cambios de comportamiento por períodos con ejercicio físico (p <0,05); como medias de los cambios de comportamiento en la muestra total fueron 0,76 ± 0,38 y 1,60 ± 0,70 para los períodos con y sin ejercicio físico, respectivamente (p <0,05); y comportamientos como "agresividad dirigida al equipo", "irritabilidad" y "otros cambios", similar a una variación de 0,80; 2,04; y 1,21; respectivamente (p <0,05). Conclusión: La inclusión de ejercicio físico de forma regular, en una institución de larga estancia para ancianos, es capaz de reducir los cambios conductuales a corto plazo en mujeres ancianas institucionalizadas con enfermedad de Alzheimer. (AU)

Cross-cultural adaptation of the PEAK 2 0 instrument for the measurement of satisfaction and quality of care for institutionalized older adults / Adaptação transcultural do instrumento PEAK 2 0 para mensuração da satisfação e da qualidade do cuidado de idosos institucionalizados

OBJECTIVE: To perform the Brazilian Portuguese cross-cultural adaptation of scales of satisfaction, quality of care, and quality of service constructed by the Promoting Excellent Alternatives in Kansas (PEAK 2.0) program for the measurement of person-centered care practices in the context of institutionalized older persons. METHODS: Cross-cultural adaptation was performed according to the following steps: translation; back translation; semantic, idiomatic, experiential, and conceptual equivalence; validation by an expert panel; and pre-test. This is an instrument with 32 individual items grouped into 4 subscales: overall satisfaction, quality of life, quality of care, and quality of service. RESULTS: The highest disagreement between experts was observed regarding verb conjugation and/or agreement aspects, which were adjusted. The pre-test, performed with 10 residents of long-term care facilities for older adults, showed that the "quality of life" and "quality of care" items had low levels of satisfaction. Although the residents demonstrated increased concern with the objective aspects of care, such as security and cleanliness, subjective aspects such as spirituality showed the lowest satisfaction levels. CONCLUSION: After cross-cultural adaptation, the overall satisfaction, quality of life, quality of care, and quality of service instruments of the PEAK 2.0 program were well understood by older adults and interviewers. The pre-test assessment showed that these instruments have a quick and easy application and can be used in Brazilian institutions.

OBJETIVO: Realizar a adaptação transcultural para o português brasileiro de escalas de satisfação, qualidade do cuidado e do serviço desenvolvidas pelo programa Promoting Excellent Alternatives in Kansas (PEAK 2.0) para a mensuração de práticas associadas aos cuidados centrados no indivíduo no contexto da população idosa institucionalizada. METODOLOGIA: Seguiram-se os passos para a adaptação cultural: tradução; retrotradução; equivalência semântica, idiomática, experiencial e conceitual; validação por juízes especialistas; e pré-teste. Trata-se de instrumento com 32 itens individuais agrupados em quatro subescalas: Satisfação global, Qualidade de Vida, Qualidade relacionada aos cuidados e Qualidade relacionada aos serviços. RESULTADOS: O maior índice de discordância entre os juízes foi referente à conjugação e/ou concordância verbal, pontos que foram ajustados. Em relação ao pré-teste, realizado com dez residentes de instituições de longa permanência para idosos, constatou-se que os itens de "qualidade de vida" e de "qualidade de cuidado" tiveram baixo nível de satisfação. Verificou-se também que apesar de os residentes demonstrarem maior preocupação com os aspectos objetivos do cuidado, como segurança e limpeza, os aspectos subjetivos, como a espiritualidade, apresentaram menor satisfação entre eles. CONCLUSÃO: Após passarem pelo processo de adaptação transcultural, as ferramentas de Satisfação global, Qualidade de Vida, Qualidade relacionada aos cuidados e Qualidade relacionada aos serviços do programa PEAK 2.0 foram bem compreendidas pelas pessoas idosas e os aplicadores. A avaliação pré-teste indicou que se trata de ferramentas de rápida e fácil aplicação, que podem ser usadas em instituições brasileiras.

Práticas de cuidados paliativos em Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos / Palliative care practices in Long-Term Care facility for older adults

No cenário mundial, vive-se um processo de transição demográfica, devido ao aumento do número de idosos na sociedade. A mudança do espectro epidemiológico, associada às alterações sociais, econômicas e familiares, aumenta os índices de institucionalização que repercute em demanda crescente por vagas em Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI). O motivo de admissão em uma ILPI, para a maioria dos residentes, é a presença de alguma doença crônica, sendo que estas instituições, muitas vezes, assumem o cuidado dos idosos até o momento de sua morte. Assim, as práticas de cuidados paliativos aproximam-se, cada vez mais, destas instituições. Com isso, levanta-se a preocupação em relação aos cuidados paliativos prestados aos idosos residentes em ILPI, tornandose importante conhecer as práticas de cuidados paliativos que nelas se desenvolvem. O presente estudo teve como objetivo geral identificar as práticas de cuidados paliativos vivenciadas no contexto de uma ILPI, na perspectiva da equipe multiprofissional. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem qualitativa, realizado em uma ILPI de natureza filantrópica, localizada na cidade de Belo Horizonte. Os participantes foram 12 profissionais da equipe multiprofissional da instituição que fazem parte do cotidiano das práticas de cuidado prestadas ao idoso em cuidados paliativos. Realizou-se a coleta de dados por meio de observação participante e entrevistas com os profissionais da equipe. Submeteramse os dados à análise de conteúdo e organizaram-se os resultados em três categorias: dimensões do cuidado paliativo na ILPI, atores envolvidos nas práticas de cuidados paliativos no contexto da ILPI e organização da gestão das práticas de cuidados paliativos. Na primeira categoria, "dimensões do cuidado paliativo na ILPI", desvelaram-se e discutiram-se as seguintes dimensões: os cuidados paliativos na promoção de maior qualidade de vida, os cuidados paliativos como um cuidado e conforto, os cuidados paliativos como o cuidado realizado na fase final de vida e os cuidados paliativos e a espiritualidade. A segunda categoria se refere aos "atores envolvidos nas práticas de cuidados paliativos no contexto da ILPI" identificados como atores os profissionais que atuam no cuidado ao idoso em cuidados paliativos, o idoso em cuidados paliativos, a família desses idosos e os outros idosos que residem na ILPI. Na terceira categoria, "organização da gestão das práticas de cuidados paliativos", as dimensões analisadas incluem a rotina do cuidado voltado para os cuidados paliativos, organização do ambiente e as práticas de cuidados paliativos, o processo de construção dos cuidados paliativos e adaptações impostas pela pandemia do COVID-19. Assim, pode-se concluir que o estudo possibilitou a identificação de dimensões das práticas de cuidados paliativos na ILPI. A abordagem dos cuidados paliativos mostrou-se essencial para o cuidado do idoso institucionalizado, pois visa à qualidade de vida, à redução de sintomas e ao alívio do sofrimento. No desenvolvimento das práticas de cuidados paliativos, é importante que sejam incluídos todos os atores envolvidos. A inclusão de saberes de uma equipe multiprofissional mostrou-se relevante para estas práticas. Na rotina institucional, estão presentes práticas que seguem princípios dos cuidados paliativos. Ressaltase a importância da realização de ações que visem à formação dos profissionais que atuam em ILPI quanto aos cuidados paliativos. O fato de a coleta de dados ter sido realizada em apenas uma instituição é uma limitação do estudo. O desenvolvimento de novos estudos em relação a esta temática pode auxiliar em um aprofundamento quanto ao tema.

The world has undergone a process of demographic transition, with an increase in the number of elderly people in society. The change in epidemiological settings, combined with social, economic, and family related changes, has led to an escalationin institutionalization rates, reverberating in vacancies in Long-Term Care Facility (LTCF) for older adults demand boost. The reason for admission in a LTCF, for most residents, is the presence of chronic diseases.These facilities often take care of the elderly until their death. Therefore, palliative care practices have been getting closer to these institutions. Due to this new adopted strategy, concerns have been raised regarding palliative services offered to LTCF residents, making it important to understand the institutional practices. This study aimed to identifythe palliative care practices used inside a LTCF institution, from the perspective of a multidisciplinary team. We performed a qualitative approach, which was conducted at a philanthropic LTCF in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. 12 members of the institution's multidisciplinary team were enrolled in this study. The studied individuals took part in the daily practice of palliative care delivered to the residents. Data was collected through observation and interviews with the participants. Further, it was submitted to content analysis organized into three categories: dimension of palliative care in the LTCF, subjectsinvolved in palliative care practices in the LTCF and organization of palliative care practices management. In the first previously mentioned category the dimensions discussed were: palliative care for the promotion of better quality of life, palliative care as care tool and comfort, palliative care as a care performed in the final phase of life and palliative care and spirituality. The second studied category we selected as subjects the healthcare providers who performed palliative care for the elderly, elderly individuals in palliative care, the elderly's family, and the interface of the other elderly who resided in the LTCF. Lastly, in the third category, the dimensions analyzed included the palliative care routine, environment organization and palliative care practices, construction process of palliative care and adaptations imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, we concluded that the present study enabled the identification of the dimensions of palliative care practices in the LTCF. The palliative care approach has beenshowed to be essential for the caring of institutionalized elderly, as it is focused in quality of life, symptoms reduction and suffering mitigation. In the development of palliative care practices, it is important to include all involved subjects. The multidisciplinary team approach and knowledge proved to be relevant to these practices. Practices that followed the principles of palliative care can befound in the institutional routine. It is important to reinforce the importance of educational actions directed to healthcare providers professional growthwho work at LTCF in regard to palliative care. The limitation of this study is that data collection was carried out in only one institution. The development of further studies in this area could assist in creating more in-depth knowledge on this topic.

Constituição do discurso da autonomia no cotidiano de uma instituição de longa permanência para idosos / Constitution of the autonomy discourse in the daily life of a long-stay institution for the elderly

O envelhecimento da população é um processo mundial, em decorrência do aumento da expectativa de vida, associada às melhores condições de saúde. Embora as políticas públicas de saúde privilegiem a permanência e o cuidado da pessoa idosa no domicílio, é importante ressaltar que, com a evolução das sociedades, esse cuidado, antes restrito ao núcleo familiar, particularmente às mulheres, assumiu um perfil diferente. Diante das mudanças na conformação sociodemográfica da população, com reconfiguração da estrutura familiar e maior participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho, aumentou a demanda por vagas em Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI). Nesse contexto de institucionalização, é importante assegurar a manutenção da autonomia da pessoa idosa, pois, os limites fisiológicos, biológicos e sociais decorrentes do processo natural do envelhecimento tendem a reduzir seu acesso à tomada de decisão. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a constituição dos discursos, relacionados à autonomia da pessoa idosa, no cotidiano de uma ILPI. Trata-se de uma pesquisa desenvolvida na perspectiva do referencial pós-estruturalista, realizada em Belo Horizonte, capital de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista de roteiro semiestruturado com 7 idosas residentes na Instituição e 14 profissionais envolvidos no cuidado dessas idosas, além de análise documental e observação. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise do Discurso, entendendo-se que o mesmo é espaço de articulação entre o saber e o poder. Os discursos foram analisados sob duas categorias principais: efeitos da institucionalização na autonomia da pessoa idosa e o desenvolvimento de incapacidades como barreira à constituição da autonomia da pessoa idosa. A institucionalização acarreta no isolamento do idoso em relação ao mundo exterior, segregando-o de sua vida social e familiar. Associado a isso, isola uma idosa da outra, fazendo com que as idosas independentes fiquem reclusas em seus quartos e as dependentes nos espaços comuns. Assim, a Instituição coloca em prática o controle dos corpos, do espaço e do tempo. O controle também se efetiva com o uso de dispositivos que impõem relações de poder, tais como normas e rotinas, consolidadas nas práticas de cuidado cotidiano. Além disso, o discurso de bem-estar das idosas é utilizado pelos profissionais para justificar o controle de suas atividades cotidianas, comprometendo sua autonomia e impondo uma rotina que cerceia suas escolhas em prol da organização e disciplinarização do ambiente. O desenvolvimento das incapacidades na velhice faz com que as idosas sejam classificadas, de acordo com seu grau de funcionalidade, físico e cognitivo. Essa categorização determina sua capacidade de se expressar e de tomar decisões, uma vez que se insere em um ambiente controlado e regulamentado. Esse contexto traduz o modo normalizador de uma ideologia de bem estar social e uma política que reforça a incapacidade, circulando por meio de uma rede extensa de serviços e de políticas públicas. Assim, a autonomia se limita a algumas idosas que, para exercê-la, devem ter a capacidade cognitiva preservada, enquanto as idosas que precisam de ajuda no cotidiano se assujeitam ao poder do outro.

Population aging is a worldwide process which is a result of the rise in life expectancy associated with better health conditions. Even though public health policies favor that elderly people are taken care of at home and stay there, it is important to emphasize that, as societies evolve, the care which used to be the responsibility of the nuclear family, particularly women, has taken on a different profile. In the face of the changes in the social demographic conformation of population, with the reconfiguration of the family structure and larger presence of women in the labor market, the demand for places in Long-Term Care Facility (LTCF) has increased. Within this context of institutionalization it is important to assure the maintenance of the elderly person?s autonomy, as the physiological, biological and social limits which are inherent to the natural process of aging tend to reduce their access to decision making. The aim of this study was to analyze the constitution of discourses related to the elderly person?s autonomy in the everyday life in a LTCF. This research was developed according to the perspective of post-structuralist framework, taking place in Belo Horizonte, capital of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data were collected through semi-structured script interview with 7 elderly women living in the institution and 14 professionals who were involved in taking care of these elderly, in addition to documental analysis and observation. The data were submitted to Discourse Analysis, being understood that this is a space of articulation between knowledge and power. The discourses were analyzed under two main categories: effects of institutionalization on the elderly person?s autonomy and the development of disabilities as a barrier in the constitution of autonomy of the elderly person. Institutionalization results in isolation of the elderly in relation to the outside world, segregating them from their family and social life. Relative to this, it isolates one elderly woman from the other, making independent elderly women become recluse in their bedrooms and dependent elderly women stay in common areas. Accordingly, the institution puts into practice the control of bodies, space and time. The control is also effective with the use of devices which impose relations of power, such as norms and routines, consolidated in the practices of daily care. Moreover, the elderly women?s discourse of wellbeing is used by the professionals to justify the control of their daily activities, compromising their autonomy and imposing a routine that restricts their choices in favor of organization and disciplinarization of the environment. The development of disabilities at advanced causes elderly women to be classified according to their degrees of physical and cognitive functionality. Such categorization determines their capacity to express themselves and make decisions once they are introduced to a controlled and regulated environment. This context translates the normalizing mode of a social wellbeing ideology and a policy that reinforces disability, circulating through an extensive network of services and public policies. Therefore, autonomy is limited to some elderly women, who in order to exert it, must have preserved cognitive capacity, while elderly women who need help in everyday life are subject to the power of another person.(AU)

Differences in Family Caregivers' Opinions about Out-of-Pocket Payment for Long-Term Care Facilities by Income Levels / 보건행정학회지

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to investigate family caregivers' opinions about out-of-pocket payment for long-term care (LTC) facilities, and find the differences in the opinions for family caregivers of all different levels of income. METHODS: We used the data of the study on out-of-pocket payment in national long-term care insurance, including 1,552 family caregivers with the elderly in long-term care facilities. RESULTS: The average out-of-pocket payment per month was 511,635 Korean won and distributed from 230,750 to 1,365,570 Korean won. The amount of out-of-pocket payment might be affected by not co-payment but the cost of non-covered service. There were differences in them for family caregivers of all different levels of income. Opinions were surveyed about 5 issues. By levels of income, there were differences in their opinions about 3 issues, the financial burden on LTC, the necessity of reducing out-of-pocket payments, and to be willing to pay more for a high quality service. But there were not different opinions about the interruption of LTC service and staying with LTC facilities. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the range of out-of-pocket payment for LTC facility is wide and it can be a burden to lower income group. It should be to prepare the policies to ease the financial burden and support the appropriate LTC use.

Effect of Professional Oral Healthcare Program on the Oral Status of Elderly Residents in Long-Term Care Facilities / 치위생과학회지

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of professional oral healthcare program in eldery residents long-term care facilities. Ninety-four elderly residents from 5 different facilities in Asan participated in this study. The subjects were divided into 3 groups, with 32 in experimental group I, 30 in experimental group II, and 32 in the control group. Subjects in experimental group I were treated by a dental hygienist with professional oral healthcare and received daily oral care from caregivers who had completed elderly oral healthcare course. Subjects in experimental group II received daily oral care from caregivers who had completed elderly oral healthcare course. Control group received daily oral care from caregivers. These 3 groups were tested for dental plaque, halitosis, tongue coating, and salivary flow at baseline, and after 4 and 12 weeks of treatment. There were significant differences in the dental plaque index between the groups, mediate times, and mediate methods, in halitosis between the mediate methods, and in tongue coating between the mediate times, as well as the mediate methods. Finally, salivary flow was significantly different with regard to mediate methods between experimental group II and the control group. Therefore, to improve the oral health condition of elderly residents, involvement of a part-time dentist and scheduled professional oral healthcare are necessary. Furthermore, elderly oral healthcare education for nursing staff, including managers, should be provided.

Características da atividade física nas instituições de longa permanência para idosos de Santa Catarina / Characteristics of physical activity in long - term care facilities for the elderly from the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil

O estudo objetivou descrever as atividades físicas desenvolvidas nas Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI) em Santa Catarina (SC). Participaram do estudo 71 profissionais responsáveis pelas atividades físicas em suas respectivas instituições. Os principais objetivos das atividades físicas realizadas foram reabilitação (n=60) e aptidão funcional (n=52). A maior frequência das sessões foi a de duas vezes por semana (n=26). Os tipos de atividades mais realizadas são alongamentos (n=41) e exercícios resistidos (n=41). A maior adesão dos idosos se deu na recreação (n=12). Sugerem-se estudos mais aprofundados para obter maior compreensão do desenvolvimento de atividade física nessas entidades.

The present study aimed to describe the physical activities (PA) in Santa Catarina’s Long-Term Care Facilities for the elderly (LTCs). Participants were 71 professionals responsible for the PA in their respective institutions. The LTCs’ physical activities main goals were rehabilitation (n=60) and functional fi tness (n=52). The main frequency of interventions was two times a week (n=26). The most applied kinds of PA were stretching (n=41) and resisted exercises (n=41). The main adherence by the elderly was in the recreational activities (n=12). More studies are suggested aiming to a better understanding of the physical activity development in these facilities.

Effect of Muscle Strength Training on Urinary Incontinence and Physical Function: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Long-term Care Facilities

PURPOSE: This study was done to determine whether muscle strength training programs have an impact on improving symptoms of urinary incontinence (UI) and physical function among elderly women with UI who reside in long-term care facilities. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted. Participants had to be over 65 years, score over 15 score on the mini-mental state examination, and be able to walk alone or with an assistant. Seventy residents were randomly allocated to either the training group (n=35) or control group (n=35). The program consisted of 50 minutes, twice a week for 8 weeks, and included Kegel's exercise, Thera-band training and indoor walking. Main outcomes were UI symptoms, peak vaginal pressure and physical functions measured with timed up and go test (TUG), one leg standing test (OLST), activities of daily living (ADL) and grip strength. Changes in outcome measurements were calculated from baseline to 4 weeks and to 8 weeks using repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: There were significant differences in peak vaginal pressure (p<.001), TUG (p<.001), OLST (p=.012) and grip strength (p<.001) in the interaction between groups and time. CONCLUSION: Future studies are suggested to confirm the effect of muscle strength training in long-term care facilities where elderly women with UI reside.

Investigation into The Actual Conditions of Bathing for The Elderly in Long-term Care Facilities / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

Background: Bathing care for the elderly in long-term care facilities tends to differ significantly compared to their pre-institutional lifestyles. Bathing before sleeping can contribute to improvement of sleep disorders. Therefore, I think that the bathing care in the long-term care facilities needs to consider an elderly’s past lifestyle and the influence on sleep to choose the appropriate time and to satisfy individual needs. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the issue of bathing in long-term care facilities. A survey was carried out on the time of bathing care in such facilities and the reasons for the choice. Method: A questionnaire was mailed to the administrators of all of the long-term care facilities (nursing homes, geriatric health care facilities and geriatric medical care facilities) in three prefectures in Japan. A total of 444 subject institutions were identified, and the time of the bathing care and the reasons for the choice were asked. Results: I obtained responses from 246 institutions (55.4%). Only 1.6% of the institutions stated they were carrying out bathing care after supper, and all the other institutions were carrying out bathing care before supper. Among the reasons for the selection of bathing time, many stated that it was the time many caregivers are available or the time balanced with other care routines. Discussion and Conclusion: Many facilities choose the time elderly take a bath to be when there are many allocated caregivers to look after them. The reason is for the safety of elderly with high nursing care levels. I believe that we should examine the effects of bathing on sleep based on balneology findings. This will lead to better bathing care that will satisfy individual needs and overall improvement of bathing care.

Investigation into The Actual Conditions of Bathing for The Elderly in Long-term Care Facilities / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

<B>Background:</B> Bathing care for the elderly in long-term care facilities tends to differ significantly compared to their pre-institutional lifestyles. Bathing before sleeping can contribute to improvement of sleep disorders. Therefore, I think that the bathing care in the long-term care facilities needs to consider an elderly’s past lifestyle and the influence on sleep to choose the appropriate time and to satisfy individual needs.<BR><B>Objective:</B> The purpose of this study was to examine the issue of bathing in long-term care facilities. A survey was carried out on the time of bathing care in such facilities and the reasons for the choice.<BR><B>Method:</B> A questionnaire was mailed to the administrators of all of the long-term care facilities (nursing homes, geriatric health care facilities and geriatric medical care facilities) in three prefectures in Japan. A total of 444 subject institutions were identified, and the time of the bathing care and the reasons for the choice were asked.<BR><B>Results:</B> I obtained responses from 246 institutions (55.4%). Only 1.6% of the institutions stated they were carrying out bathing care after supper, and all the other institutions were carrying out bathing care before supper. Among the reasons for the selection of bathing time, many stated that it was the time many caregivers are available or the time balanced with other care routines.<BR><B>Discussion and Conclusion:</B> Many facilities choose the time elderly take a bath to be when there are many allocated caregivers to look after them. The reason is for the safety of elderly with high nursing care levels. I believe that we should examine the effects of bathing on sleep based on balneology findings. This will lead to better bathing care that will satisfy individual needs and overall improvement of bathing care.

Assessment of pharmacotherapeutic safety of medical prescriptions for elderly residents in a long-term care facility

The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of elderly using potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) and with occurrence of potentially hazardous drug interactions (PHDI); to identify the risk factors for the prescription of PIM and to evaluate the impact of pharmaceutical intervention (PI) for the prescription of safer therapeutic alternatives. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was performed in a long-term care facility in São Paulo State, between December/2010 and January/2011. The medical records of the patients >60 years old who took any drugs were consulted to assess the pharmacotherapeutic safety of the medical prescriptions, in order to identify PIM and PHDI, according to the Beers (2003) and World Health Organization criteria, respectively. PI consisted of a guidance letter to the physician responsible for the institution, with the suggestions of safer equivalent therapeutics. Approximately 88% of the elderly took at least one drug, and for 30% of them the PIM had been prescribed. Most of the PIM identified (53.4%) act on the central nervous system. Among the 13 different DI detected, 6 are considered PHDI. Polypharmacy was detected as a risk factor for PIM prescription. After the PI there was no change in medical prescriptions of patients who had been prescribed PIM or PHDI. The data suggests that PI performed by letter, as the only interventional, method was ineffective. To contribute it a wide dissemination of PIM and PHDI among prescriber professionals is necessary for the selection of safer treatment for elderly. Additionally, a pharmacist should be part of the health care team in order to help promote rational use of medicines.

O presente estudo teve como objetivos estimar a prevalência de idosos em uso de medicamentos potencialmente impróprios (MPI) e com ocorrência de interações medicamentosas potencialmente perigosas (IMPP); identificar os fatores de risco para a prescrição de MPI e avaliar o impacto de intervenção farmacêutica (IF) para a prescrição de alternativas terapêuticas mais seguras. Para tanto, realizou-se estudo transversal em instituição de longa permanência do interior de São Paulo, de dezembro/2010 a janeiro/ 2011. Os prontuários médicos dos pacientes >60 anos e que utilizavam pelo menos um medicamento foram consultados para avaliar a segurança farmacoterapêutica das prescrições médicas, identificando-se os MPI e as IMPP, segundo critérios de Beers (2003) e o critério da Organização Mundial da Saúde, respectivamente. A IF constou de carta de orientação ao médico da instituição, com sugestão de equivalentes terapêuticos mais seguros. Aproximadamente 88% dos idosos haviam utilizado pelo menos um medicamento e, para 30% deles, havia pelo menos um MPI prescrito. A maioria dos MPI identificados (53,4%) age no sistema nervoso central. Entre as 13 interações medicamentosas detectadas, 6 são consideradas IMPP. A polimedicação foi detectada como fator de risco para a prescrição de MPI. Após a IF, não houve alterações nas prescrições médicas dos pacientes que apresentavam MPI e IMPP prescritos. Os dados sugerem que IF realizadas por cartas, como único método interventivo, não são efetivas. Para contribuir com a seleção de farmacoterapia mais segura para idosos é necessária ampla divulgação dos MPI e IMPP entre os profissionais prescritores. Além disso, o farmacêutico deve fazer parte das equipes de saúde para auxiliar na promoção do uso racional de medicamentos.